The types of cameras
a) The camera films, now also known as analog cameras by some
.Film format
Before we go into the types of film cameras is useful to know in advance a variety of formats / film size.
1. APS, Advanced Photography System. Small format 16x24mm film size, packaged in a cartridge. Although the format is relatively new, but unpopular. Stores that sell this type of movie hard to find in Indonesia
2. 135 format. Also known as 35mm film. 24x36mm in size, packaged in a cartridge containing 20 or 36 frames. This format is the most popular formats, many of us encounter in our
3. Medium format
4. Large format
Film Types
1. Film B / W, black and white negative film
2. Color negative films. The most popular, we often use
3. Positive film, also called a slide. More expensive and prone to overexposure. Yet the colors produced better because it can capture a wider range of contrast
The types of camera film
1. Pocket / compact. Pocket camera. Popular for the layman, simple and easy to operate. Using 35mm film format
2. Rangefinder. Search camera distance. Small, at first glance similar to a pocket camera. The difference is, this camera has fokusing mechanism (hence called a rangefinder). Generally uses 35mm film format
3. SLR, Single Lens Reflex. Single lens reflex camera. Popular with professionals, amateurs and hobbyists. Generally have a lens that can be replaced. Using 35mm film format. Also called system camera
4. TLR, Twin Lens Reflex. Double lens reflex cameras. Typically use medium format
5. Viewfinder. Typically use medium format
The camera manual and automatic cameras. The latest SLR cameras are already equipped with autofocus and autoexposure systems but can still be operated manually.
b) Digital Camera
Using a digital sensor instead of the movie
1. Consumer. Pocket cameras, cheap, easy to use. The lens can not be replaced. Most just have a full-automatic mode. Just point and shoot. Some, like the Canon A series, has a manual mode.
2. Prosumer. SLR-like camera, moderate prices. The lens can not be replaced. Shooting manual and auto mode
3. DSLR. Digital SLR
Camera Lens
eye of the camera, generally determines the quality of images produced lenses have two important properties, namely the focal length and maximum aperture.
Field of View (FOV)
each lens has a wide FOV depends on the length and extent fokalnya film / sensor is used.
Field of View Crop
often mistakenly called the focal length multiplier. Almost all digital cameras have smaller sensor size than 35mm film, then the digital camera field of view is smaller than on a 35mm camera. For example a 50 mm lens on a Nikon D70 has the same FOV with a 75mm lens on a 35mm film camera (1.5x FOV crop factor)
Types of Lenses
a. based on the prime-vario
1. Fixed focal / Prime, has a fixed focal length, eg 35mm f/3.5 Fujinon has a focal length of 35 mm. Prime lens is less flexible, but the quality is higher than the zoom lens at the same price
2. Zoom / Vario, has a focal length that can be changed, such as Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 has a focal length that can be changed from 18 mm to 55 mm. Flexible due to an adjustable length fokalnya
b. based on focal length
1. Wide, wide lens with FOV, focal length 35 mm or less. Typically used to photograph the scenery and buildings
2. Normal, about 50 mm focal length. Lens is versatile, fast and cheap
3. Telephoto lens with a narrow FOV, focal length of 70mm or more. To shoot from a distance
c. based on the maximum aperture
1. Fast, has a wide maximum aperture
2. Slow, has a narrow maximum aperture
d. special lenses
1. Macro lenses, used to shoot from close range
2. Tilt and Shift lens, can be bent
Terms lens wide / telephoto (focal length based) above apply to 35mm film cameras. Nikkor 50 mm lens becomes a normal lens on a 35mm film camera, but a telephoto lens when used on Nikon D70 digital camera. On the Nikon D70 Nikkor 50 mm FOV FOV equivalent to 75 mm lens on a 35mm film camera
Other auxiliary equipment
- Tripod, is required for shooting at a slow pace. At slower speeds, avoiding camera shake when held by hand (handheld). In general, the minimum speed is 1/focal handhel.
Carry a tripod when hunting can be a hassle. For the purposes of hunting is usually brought on a tripod is a tripod that is lightweight and small.
- Monopod, like a tripod, one leg. Easier to carry. Can only eliminate vertical shake only.
- Flash / flash / flash, for menerangai objects in dark conditions
- Filter, to filter the incoming light. There are many kinds:
UV, UV light filter to prevent the foto2 Hazy landscape, often used to protect the lens from dust.
PL / CPL (Polarizer / Circular Polarizar) to reduce the shadows on a non-metallic surfaces. It could be to increase the contrast of the sky
Exposure
the amount of light entering the camera, depending on the aperture and speed.
- Aperture / diaphragm. The larger the aperture the more light that entered. Aperture is expressed by numerical values are as follows: f / 1.4 f / 2 f / 3.5 f/5.6 f / 8. the greater the number (f number), the smaller the aperture aperturenya
- Shutter speed / aperture. The sooner, the less light in.
- ISO, stating the sensitivity of the sensor / film. The higher ISOnya the amount of light required less and less. ISO 100 film requires two times the amount of light the film ISO 200
Example: f/5.6 aperture combinations excl. 1/500 at ISO 100 equivalent to the aperture f / 8 excl 1/500 or f/5.6 excl. 1/1000 at ISO 200.
Exposure meter, light meter. Nearly every modern camera has an internal light meter. It also provided an external light meter
Exposure metering (often abbreviated as metering)
is a method of measuring light
1. Average metering, measuring the average light the whole frame
2. Center-weighted average metering, measuring the average light in the center of gravity
3. Matrix / Evaluative metering, Measuring light in various parts of the frame, to then be calculated by the methods specified automated
4. Spot metering, measuring the light only on a small section in the center of the frame just
Exposure compensation, 18% gray. Exposure meter always measures the light and get the highest measurement so that the resulting image light ranged in the 18% gray. So if we are aiming for a piece of white cloth and use the exposure setting as shown by the meter, then the white cloth will be gray in the picture. To overcome this we have to do exposure compensation. So we added exposure to white cloth.
Under exposured = photo is too dark due to lack of exposure
Over exposured = image too bright because of excess exposure
The term stop
Up 1 stop, it means increased exposure to 2 times.
Rose 2 stop, meaning that exposure was increased to 4 times.
Down 1 stop exposure was reduced to 1/2 times.
Down 2 stop exposure was reduced to 1/4 times.
Increase of 1 stop on the aperture as follows: f/22: f/16: f/11, f / 8 f / 5.6 f / 4 f / 2.8, f / 2.
Different f-stop number is 0.7 times each (1 / akar2).
Increase of 1 stop at excl. Rana as follows: 1/2000; 1/1000: 1/500; 1/250; 1/125; 1/60; 1/30; 1/15; 1/8; 1/4; 1/2, 1.
Different speed of each stop is 2 times
DOF, depth of field, depth of field. DOF is the sharp area around the focus.
Depth of field is influenced by a large aperture, focal length, and distance to the object.
1. Aperture, the larger the aperture (smaller f number) then it will be more shallow DOF / narrow
2. Focal length (the real), the focal length, DOF more shallow / narrow
3. The distance to the object, the closer the distance to the object of the DOF more shallow / narrow
Selection of DOF
- If the narrow DOF, FG and BG will blur. Narrow DOF used if we want to isolate / highlight objects from the surrounding environment such as the portrait photographs or pictures of flowers.
- If the DOF wide, FG and BG look sharper. DOF wide use if we want almost all parts of the image looks sharp, as in landscapes or photojournalism.
Shooting mode
Auto mode, point and shoot mode, just snap and snap
1. Full auto, the camera that determines all the parameters
2. Portrait, a camera using the largest aperture to narrow the DOF
3. Landscape, the camera uses the smallest aperture
4. Nightscene, use a slow speed and flash to capture simultaneously the object and BG
5. Fast Shuter speed
6. Slow shutter speed
Creative zone
1. P, program AE. Similar to the auto mode with more control. With this mode you can control the exposure compensation, ISO, metering mode, Auto / manual focus, white balance, flash on / off, and Continues shooting.
2. Tv, shutter speed priority AE. We determine the speed, the camera will calculate the proper aperture
3. Av, aperture priority AE. We determine the aperture, the camera adjusts the speed
4. M, manual exposure. We are determining the speed and aperture manually
Composition and Angle
Composition is the placement of objects in a picture frame
Angle is the angle of shooting, from the bottom, top, or parallel
Composition and angle is more related to the art of photography. Factors influence taste great photographer.
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